Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that are produced naturally in the body as a byproduct of normal metabolic processes, but they can also be generated by external factors such as exposure to pollution, UV radiation, and certain chemicals. Free radicals damage DNA, cell membranes, and other parts of cells. Antioxidants stabilize the free radicals and prevent them from causing damage to other molecules.

"Anti-inflammatory" refers to the ability of a substance or treatment to reduce inflammation in the body. Inflammation is a natural and necessary response of the immune system and plays a crucial role in the body's defense mechanisms and the healing process. However, chronic or excessive inflammation is detrimental to overall health and can contribute to the destruction of healthy cells and tissues. It has been linked to the development and progression of numerous diseases, commonly interfering with daily activities. Inflammation can progress and become systemic; systemic inflammation has been associated with fatigue, fever, loss of appetite and muscle stiffness, impacting overall health and well-being.

IImmunomodulators are a substance that affect the immune system's functioning. It can either enhance or suppress the immune response, depending on the specific needs of the individual. Immunomodulators that enhance are used in situations where the immune system needs a boost, such as in the treatment of certain infections or cancer. Immunomodulators that suppress are employed to dampen an overactive immune system. They are often used in autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues.

Entheogens are substances that people use to induce spiritual or mystical experiences. These substances, often derived from plants or fungi, have psychoactive properties and are consumed in religious, shamanic, or spiritual contexts to alter consciousness and facilitate a deeper connection to oneself, the universe, or a higher power.

Adaptogens are a class of herbs and natural substances that are believed to help the body resist and adapt to stressors, whether they are physical, chemical, or biological. These substances are thought to have a normalizing effect on the body, supporting its ability to maintain balance (homeostasis) and adapt to stress. The concept of adaptogens originated from traditional herbal medicine, particularly in systems like Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. Adaptogens are believed to work by supporting the body's adrenal system and regulating the production of stress hormones like cortisol.

Neuroprotection involves strategies to protect existing neurons from damage or degeneration. It aims to preserve the structure and function of neurons, often in the context of preventing or minimizing the effects of various harmful factors like oxidative stress, inflammation, and trauma. Neurogenesis refers to the process of generating new neurons.